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Mod is a subculture that began in 1960s Britain and spread, in varying degrees, to other countries〔"Revolution in Men's Clothes: Mod Fashions from Britain are Making a Smash in the U.S.", Life Magazine, May 13, 1966; pp. 82-88.〕 and continues today on a smaller scale. Focused on music and fashion, the subculture has its roots in a small group of London-based stylish young men in the late 1950s who were termed ''modernists'' because they listened to modern jazz, although the subculture expanded to include women. Significant elements of the mod subculture include fashion (often tailor-made suits); music (including soul, ska, and R&B); and motor scooters (usually Lambretta or Vespa). The original mod scene was associated with amphetamine-fuelled all-night dancing at clubs. In England during the early to mid 1960s, mods often engaged in brawls with rockers, which led to many news articles.〔 The mods and rockers conflict led sociologist Stanley Cohen to coin the term ''moral panic'' in his study about the two youth subcultures, which examined media coverage of the mod and rocker riots in the 1960s. In the mid-to-late 1960s, the conflicts between mods and rockers subsided, as several rock bands, including The Who and the Small Faces adopted a mod style.〔Unterberger, R., "Mod", in V. Bogdanov, C. Woodstra and S. T. Erlewine, ''All Music Guide to Rock: the Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul'', 3rd. ed. (Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books, 2002), ISBN 0-87930-653-X, pp. 1321–2.〕 London became synonymous with fashion, music, and pop culture in these years, a period often referred to as "Swinging London." In turn, mod influence spread to the United States and around the world.〔 There was a mod revival in the United Kingdom in the late 1970s, which was followed by a mod revival in North America in the early 1980s, particularly in southern California, Vancouver, and Toronto. ==Etymology and usage== The term ''mod'' derives from ''modernist'', a term used in the 1950s to describe modern jazz musicians and fans.〔''Mods!'', Richard Barnes. Eel Pie (1979), ISBN 0-85965-173-8; ''Absolute Beginners'', Colin MacInnes〕 This usage contrasted with the term ''trad'', which described traditional jazz players and fans. The 1959 novel ''Absolute Beginners'' describes modernists as young modern jazz fans who dress in sharp modern Italian clothes. The novel may be one of the earliest examples of the term being written to describe young British style-conscious modern jazz fans. This usage of the word ''modernist'' should not be confused with ''modernism'' in the context of literature, art, design and architecture. From the mid-to-late 1960s onwards, the mass media often used the term ''mod'' in a wider sense to describe anything that was believed to be popular, fashionable or modern. Paul Jobling and David Crowley argue that the definition of ''mod'' can be difficult to pin down, because throughout the subculture's original era, it was "prone to continuous reinvention."〔Jobling, Paul and David Crowley, ''Graphic Design: Reproduction and Representation Since 1800'' (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1996) ISBN 0-7190-4467-7, ISBN 978-0-7190-4467-0, p. 213〕 They claim that since the mod scene was so pluralist, the word ''mod'' was an umbrella term that covered several distinct sub-scenes. Terry Rawlings argues that mods are difficult to define because the subculture started out as a "mysterious semi-secret world", which The Who's manager Peter Meaden summarised as "clean living under difficult circumstances."〔Rawlings, Terry, ''Mod: Clean Living Under Very Difficult Circumstances: a Very British Phenomenon'' (Omnibus Press, 2000) ISBN 0-7119-6813-6〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「mod subculture」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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